home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Space & Astronomy
/
Space and Astronomy (October 1993).iso
/
mac
/
TEXT_ZIP
/
jplnews
/
1289B.ZIP
/
1289B.PR
Wrap
Text File
|
1993-05-03
|
6KB
|
119 lines
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
FOR RELEASE MONDAY, FEBRUARY 19, OR THEREAFTER
Satellite-borne sensors capable of measuring ocean surface
temperature, sea level and wind patterns are revolutionizing
global weather forecasts to benefit communities throughout the
world affected by seasonal weather disturbances.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory senior research scientist and
Caltech visiting professor Dr. David Halpern presented those
findings Monday in a symposium at the national convention of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Halpern said the use of highly advanced satellite sensors to
monitor ocean and atmosphere interactions promises to open new
avenues of international cooperation in science and technology.
"Considerable progress has been made in recent years to
unite scientific and technological resources related to
oceanography in Pacific Rim countries to predict months in
advance the impact of large-scale weather phenomena such as El
Niño," he said.
"The arrival of global ocean observations by satellite-borne
instruments and the concurrent development of computer-simulated
numerical models of ocean currents and temperatures create
opportunities for innovative international cooperation among
nations that share these trans-pacific ocean and atmospheric
circulation systems."
1
El Niño, an anomalous warming of the surface water off the
coasts of Ecuador and Peru and throughout the central equatorial
Pacific Ocean, occurs every three to seven years, usually
beginning in late December.
The ocean warming originates in the equatorial Pacific west
of the date line, where a huge reservoir of the world's warmest
waters is maintained by westward-blowing tradewinds. Every
several years, the strength of these winds diminishes and
reverses direction.
The cause of this changing wind pattern remains a mystery,
Halpern said, and is the subject of intense interest among
oceanographers and meteorologists.
"Winds are the driving force behind ocean weather," he said.
"Measurements of the winds taken from satellite scatterometers
are unique because they give us repetitive data of sea surface
wind speeds and directions on a daily basis. The satellite
sensors may help us predict two months to perhaps even a year in
advance the development of an El Niño."
El Niño has been known to raise ocean temperatures by as
much as five degrees Celsius, or 10 degrees Fahrenheit, above
normal values. On some occasions, such as the El Niño of 1983,
shifting atmospheric circulation systems altered weather patterns
over the United States, producing torrential rainfall and high
surfs off the coast of California.
Another consequence of the shift in wind patterns is the
invasion of warm ocean currents in the coastal waters off South
America, Halpern said.
"Normally there is a continuous supply of nutrients brought
from below into the near-surface waters, where sunlight causes
photosynthesis and the creation of phytoplankton and other links
in the marine food chain," he said. During El Niño conditions,
however, nutrients are not cycled into the light zone.
"Fish find little food to eat and do not reproduce,
resulting in a dramatic reduction in fisheries in Ecuador and
Peru," Halpern said. "In 1972, in fact, total Peruvian catch had
dropped by 700 percent because of excessive fishing during an El
Niño. Peru's fishery has never fully recovered from that
depletion of nutrients."
The occurrence of warm surface water off South America has
also increased the evaporation of sea water, leading to huge
rainfalls in coastal areas that normally are desert. Floods and
destruction of crops in Peru and Ecuador are the consequence of
El Niño's wrath, Halpern said.
Methods for measuring global winds and ocean-atmosphere
interactions in advance of El Niño were successfully demonstrated
in 1978 through use of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration's Seasat A Satellite Scatterometer, Halpern said.
The next satellite scatterometers to be deployed, the
European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) and the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory's NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT), are scheduled for flight
in 1992 and 1995 respectively.
Assimilation of data from the satellites' radar altimeters,
scatterometers and radiometers will be processed through advanced
supercomputers to produce numerical ocean model simulations.
The simulations may shed new light on variations in the
upwelling along the equator of cold, nutrient-rich upper ocean
waters high in carbon dioxide, Halpern said. The pattern of
variations is associated with changes in the annual increase of
global atmospheric carbon dioxide.
"A reduction in the rate of increase of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere has occurred in this region during El Niños,"
Halpern said. "During the severe 1982-83 El Niño, the rate of
increase of carbon dioxide in the global atmosphere on an annual
basis actually declined.
"The reason is that normally occurring westward-blowing
winds cause an upward movement of ocean carbon dioxide toward the
surface," he said. "At the sea surface, the carbon dioxide
crosses the air-sea boundary and enters the atmosphere,
contributing to the overall atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide
from the burning of fossil fuels.
"During El Niño, the oceanic carbon dioxide along the
Pacific equator is not brought to the sea surface because the
winds have reversed direction and are now blowing eastward."
Although still poorly measured and understood, Halpern said,
these differential absorption rates illustrate the substantial
role of the ocean in the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide.
Halpern's talk on Pacific Ocean variability and global
change was derived from ongoing research in oceanic studies
conducted for the Oceanic Processes Branch of NASA's Office of
Space Science and Applications. The branch is directed by Dr.
Stanley Wilson.
#####
#1289 1/17/90 dea